R.D. Sharma Objective Mathematics
3.1 Function
3.2 Domain, Co-Domain and range of a function
3.3 Description of a function
3.4 Equal function
3.5 Number of functions
3.6 Function as a relation
3.7 Kinds of functions
3.8 Composition of functions
3.9 Properties of composition of functions
3.10 Inverse of an element
3.11 Inverse of a function
3.12 Properties of inverse of a function
Study Plan
5 days main study - 5 days revision
Main study period 1 hour each day
Day 1
3.1 Function
3.2 Domain, Co-Domain and range of a function
3.3 Description of a function
3.4 Equal function
Day 2
3.5 Number of functions
3.6 Function as a relation
3.7 Kinds of functions
3.8 Composition of functions
Day 3
3.9 Properties of composition of functions
3.10 Inverse of an element
3.11 Inverse of a function
3.12 Properties of inverse of a function
Day 4
Objective Type Exercises 1 to 20
Revision Period 30 minutes each day
Day 5
O.T.E. 21 to 40
Day 6
O.T.E. 41 to 53
Day 7
Practice Exercise 1 to 20
Wednesday, May 13, 2015
Sunday, May 10, 2015
Ch. 2. Cartesian Product of Sets and Relations - Concepts Review
Contents
2.1 Cartesian product of sets
2.2 Relations
2.3 Types of relations
2.4 Some results on relations
2.5 Composition of relations
2.1 Cartesian product of sets
Cartesian product is an operation on sets.
Ordered pair: An Ordered pair consists of two objects or elements in a given fixed order.
Cartesian product: Let A and B be any two non empty sets. The set of all ordered pairs (a,b) such that a ЄA and b ЄB is called the Cartesian product of the sets A and B and is denoted by A×B
Theorems
Theorem 1; For any three sets
(i) A×(B U C) = (A×B) U (A×C)
(ii) A×(B∩C) = (A×B) ∩(A×C)
Theorem 2: For any three sets
A×(B – C) = (A×B) – (A×C)
Theorem 3: If and A and B are any two non-empty sets, then
A×B = B×A => A = B
Theorem 4: If A is a subset of B, A×A is a sub set of (A×B) ∩(B×A)
2.2 Relation
Let A and B be two sets. Then a relation R from A to B is a subset of A×B.
R is a relation from A to B => R is a subset of A×B.
Total number of relations: If A and B are two non empty sets with m and n elements respectively, A×B consists of mn ordered pairs.
Since each subset defines a relation from A to B, so total number of relations from A to B is 2mn.
2.3 Types of relations
Void relation
Universal relation
Identity relation
Reflexive relation
Symmetric relation
Transitive relation
Antisymmetric relation
Equivalence relation
Cartesian Products of Sets and Relations - Part 2
2.4 Some more properties and results on relations
1. If R and S are two equivalence relations on a set A, then R∩S is also an equivalence relation on A.
2. The union of two equivalence relations on a set is not necessarily an equivalence relation on the set.
3. If R is an equivalence relation on a set A, the R-1 is also an equivalence relation on A.
2.5 Composition of Relations
When r and S are two relations from set A to B and B to C respectively, we can define a relation SoR from A to C such that
(a.c) Є SoR imples for all b Є B subject to the relations (a,b) ЄR and (b.c) ЄS.
SoR is called the composition of R and S.
Properties of SoR
In general RoS is not equal to SoR.
(SoR) - = R-oS-
2.1 Cartesian product of sets
2.2 Relations
2.3 Types of relations
2.4 Some results on relations
2.5 Composition of relations
2.1 Cartesian product of sets
Cartesian product is an operation on sets.
Ordered pair: An Ordered pair consists of two objects or elements in a given fixed order.
Cartesian product: Let A and B be any two non empty sets. The set of all ordered pairs (a,b) such that a ЄA and b ЄB is called the Cartesian product of the sets A and B and is denoted by A×B
Theorems
Theorem 1; For any three sets
(i) A×(B U C) = (A×B) U (A×C)
(ii) A×(B∩C) = (A×B) ∩(A×C)
Theorem 2: For any three sets
A×(B – C) = (A×B) – (A×C)
Theorem 3: If and A and B are any two non-empty sets, then
A×B = B×A => A = B
Theorem 4: If A is a subset of B, A×A is a sub set of (A×B) ∩(B×A)
2.2 Relation
Let A and B be two sets. Then a relation R from A to B is a subset of A×B.
R is a relation from A to B => R is a subset of A×B.
Total number of relations: If A and B are two non empty sets with m and n elements respectively, A×B consists of mn ordered pairs.
Since each subset defines a relation from A to B, so total number of relations from A to B is 2mn.
2.3 Types of relations
Void relation
Universal relation
Identity relation
Reflexive relation
Symmetric relation
Transitive relation
Antisymmetric relation
Equivalence relation
Cartesian Products of Sets and Relations - Part 2
2.4 Some more properties and results on relations
1. If R and S are two equivalence relations on a set A, then R∩S is also an equivalence relation on A.
2. The union of two equivalence relations on a set is not necessarily an equivalence relation on the set.
3. If R is an equivalence relation on a set A, the R-1 is also an equivalence relation on A.
2.5 Composition of Relations
When r and S are two relations from set A to B and B to C respectively, we can define a relation SoR from A to C such that
(a.c) Є SoR imples for all b Є B subject to the relations (a,b) ЄR and (b.c) ЄS.
SoR is called the composition of R and S.
Properties of SoR
In general RoS is not equal to SoR.
(SoR) - = R-oS-
Friday, May 8, 2015
CBSE - XI Class Syllabus for 2015 - 2016
MATHEMATICS (Code No. 041)
Senior Secondary stage is a launching stage from where the students go either for higher academic education in Mathematics or for professional courses like Engineering, Physical and Bioscience, Commerce or Computer Applications. The present revised syllabus has been designed in accordance with National Curriculum Framework 2005 and as per guidelines given in Focus Group on Teaching of Mathematics 2005 which is to meet the emerging needs of all categories of students.
Motivating the topics from real life situations and other subject areas, greater emphasis has been laid on application of various concepts.
Objectives
The broad objectives of teaching Mathematics at senior school stage intend to help the students:
to acquire knowledge and critical understanding, particularly by way of motivation and visualization, of basic concepts, terms, principles, symbols and mastery of underlying processes and skills.
to feel the flow of reasons while proving a result or solving a problem.
to apply the knowledge and skills acquired to solve problems and wherever possible, by more than one method.
to develop positive attitude to think, analyze and articulate logically.
to develop interest in the subject by participating in related competitions.
to acquaint students with different aspects of Mathematics used in daily life.
to develop an interest in students to study Mathematics as a discipline.
to develop awareness of the need for national integration, protection of environment, observance of
small family norms, removal of social barriers, elimination of gender biases.
to develop reverence and respect towards great Mathematicians for their contributions to the field of Mathematics.
COURSE STRUCTURE CLASS XI (2015-16)
One Paper Total Hours-Periods of 35 Minutes each
Three Hours Max Marks. 100
Topic Periods Marks
I. Sets and Functions 60 29
II. Algebra 70 37
III. Coordinate Geometry 40 13
IV. Calculus 30 06
V. Mathematical Reasoning 10 03
VI. Statistics and Probability 30 12
Total 240 100
Unit-I: Sets and Functions
1. Sets (20) Periods
Sets and their representations.Empty set.Finite and Infinite sets.Equal sets.Subsets.Subsets of a set of
real numbers especially intervals (with notations). Power set. Universal set. Venn diagrams. Union and
Intersection of sets.Difference of sets. Complement of a set. Properties of Complement Sets.
2. Relations & Functions: (20) Periods
Ordered pairs, Cartesian product of sets.Number of elements in the cartesian product of two finite sets.
Cartesian product of the set of reals with itself (upto R x R x R). Definition of relation, pictorial
diagrams, domain, co-domain and range of a relation. Function as a special type of relation. Pictorial
representation of a function, domain, co-domain and range of a function. Real valued functions, domain and range of these functions, constant, identity, polynomial, rational, modulus, signum, exponential, logarithmic and greatest integer functions, with their graphs. Sum, difference, product and quotient of functions.
3. Trigonometric Functions: (20) Periods
Positive and negative angles. Measuring angles in radians and in degrees and conversion from one
measure to another.Definition of trigonometric functions with the help of unit circle. Truth of the
identity sin2x+cos2x=1, for all x. Signs of trigonometric functions. Domain and range of trignometric
functions and their graphs. Expressing sin (x±y) and cos (x±y) in terms of sinx, siny, cosx & cosy and their simple applications. Deducing the identities like the following:
tanx ± tany cotxcoty 1
tan(x ± y) = , cot(x ± y) =
1 tanxtany coty ± cotx
1 1
sinα ± sinβ = 2sin (α ± β)cos (α β)
2 2
1 1
cosα + cosβ = 2cos (α + β)cos (α - β)
2 2
1 1
cosα - cosβ = -2sin (α + β)sin (α - β)
2 2
Identities related to sin 2x, cos2x, tan 2x, sin3x, cos3x and tan3x. General solution of trigonometric
equations of the type siny = sina, cosy = cosa and tany = tana.
Unit-II: Algebra
1. Principle of Mathematical Induction: (10) Periods
Process of the proof by induction, motivating the application of the method by looking at natural
numbers as the least inductive subset of real numbers. The principle of mathematical induction and
simple applications.
2. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations (15) Periods
Need for complex numbers, especially √−1, to be motivated by inability to solve some of the quardratic equations. Algebraic properties of complex numbers.Argand plane and polar representation of complex numbers. Statement of Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, solution of quadratic equations (with real coefficients) in the complex number system. Square root of a complex number.
3. Linear Inequalities (15) Periods
Linear inequalities. Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable and their representation on the number line.Graphical representation of linear inequalities in two variables.Graphical method of finding a solution of system of linear inequalities in two variables.
4. Permutations and Combinations (10) Periods
Fundamental principle of counting. Factorial n. (n!) Permutations and combinations, derivation of
formulae for 𝑛𝑃𝑟
and 𝑛𝐶𝑟
and their connections, simple applications.
5. Binomial Theorem (10) Periods
History, statement and proof of the binomial theorem for positive integral indices.Pascal's triangle,
General and middle term in binomial expansion, simple applications.
6. Sequence and Series (10) Periods
Sequence and Series. Arithmetic Progression (A. P.). Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) Geometric Progression
(G.P.), general term of a G.P., sum of first n terms of a G.P., infinite G.P. and its sum, geometric mean (G.M.), relation between A.M. and G.M. Formulae for the following special sums
2 3
1 1 1
,
n n n
k k k
k k and k
Unit-III:Coordinate Geometry
1. Straight Lines (10) Periods
Brief recall of two dimensional geometry from earlier classes. Shifting of origin. Slope of a line and angle between two lines. Various forms of equations of a line: parallel to axis, point-slope form, slopeintercept form, two-point form, intercept form and normal form. General equation of a line.Equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines.Distance of a point from a line.
2. Conic Sections (20) Periods
Sections of a cone: circle, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, a point, a straight line and a pair of intersecting lines as a degenerated case of a conic section. Standard equations and simple properties of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola.Standard equation of a circle.
3. Introduction to Three-dimensional Geometry (10) Periods
Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in three dimensions. Coordinates of a point. Distance between
two points and section formula.
Unit-IV: Calculus
1. Limits and Derivatives (30) Periods
Derivative introduced as rate of change both as that of distance function and geometrically.
Intutive idea of limit.Limits of polynomials and rational functions trigonometric, exponential and
logarithmic functions. Definition of derivative relate it to scope of tangent of the curve, Derivative of
sum, difference, product and quotient of functions. Derivatives of polynomial and trigonometric
functions.
Unit-V: Mathematical Reasoning
1. Mathematical Reasoning (10) Periods
Mathematically acceptable statements. Connecting words/ phrases - consolidating the understanding of "if and only if (necessary and sufficient) condition", "implies", "and/or", "implied by", "and", "or", "there exists" and their use through variety of examples related to real life and Mathematics. Validating the statements involving the connecting words, Difference between contradiction, converse and contrapositive.
Unit-VI: Statistics and Probability
1. Statistics (15) Periods
Measures of dispersion: Range, mean deviation, variance and standard deviation of ungrouped/grouped data. Analysis of frequency distributions with equal means but different variances.
2. Probability (15) Periods
Random experiments; outcomes, sample spaces (set representation). Events; occurrence of events, 'not', 'and' and 'or' events, exhaustive events, mutually exclusive events, Axiomatic (set theoretic) probability, connections with other theories studied in earlier classes. Probability of an event, probability of 'not', 'and' and 'or' events.
Senior Secondary stage is a launching stage from where the students go either for higher academic education in Mathematics or for professional courses like Engineering, Physical and Bioscience, Commerce or Computer Applications. The present revised syllabus has been designed in accordance with National Curriculum Framework 2005 and as per guidelines given in Focus Group on Teaching of Mathematics 2005 which is to meet the emerging needs of all categories of students.
Motivating the topics from real life situations and other subject areas, greater emphasis has been laid on application of various concepts.
Objectives
The broad objectives of teaching Mathematics at senior school stage intend to help the students:
to acquire knowledge and critical understanding, particularly by way of motivation and visualization, of basic concepts, terms, principles, symbols and mastery of underlying processes and skills.
to feel the flow of reasons while proving a result or solving a problem.
to apply the knowledge and skills acquired to solve problems and wherever possible, by more than one method.
to develop positive attitude to think, analyze and articulate logically.
to develop interest in the subject by participating in related competitions.
to acquaint students with different aspects of Mathematics used in daily life.
to develop an interest in students to study Mathematics as a discipline.
to develop awareness of the need for national integration, protection of environment, observance of
small family norms, removal of social barriers, elimination of gender biases.
to develop reverence and respect towards great Mathematicians for their contributions to the field of Mathematics.
COURSE STRUCTURE CLASS XI (2015-16)
One Paper Total Hours-Periods of 35 Minutes each
Three Hours Max Marks. 100
Topic Periods Marks
I. Sets and Functions 60 29
II. Algebra 70 37
III. Coordinate Geometry 40 13
IV. Calculus 30 06
V. Mathematical Reasoning 10 03
VI. Statistics and Probability 30 12
Total 240 100
Unit-I: Sets and Functions
1. Sets (20) Periods
Sets and their representations.Empty set.Finite and Infinite sets.Equal sets.Subsets.Subsets of a set of
real numbers especially intervals (with notations). Power set. Universal set. Venn diagrams. Union and
Intersection of sets.Difference of sets. Complement of a set. Properties of Complement Sets.
2. Relations & Functions: (20) Periods
Ordered pairs, Cartesian product of sets.Number of elements in the cartesian product of two finite sets.
Cartesian product of the set of reals with itself (upto R x R x R). Definition of relation, pictorial
diagrams, domain, co-domain and range of a relation. Function as a special type of relation. Pictorial
representation of a function, domain, co-domain and range of a function. Real valued functions, domain and range of these functions, constant, identity, polynomial, rational, modulus, signum, exponential, logarithmic and greatest integer functions, with their graphs. Sum, difference, product and quotient of functions.
3. Trigonometric Functions: (20) Periods
Positive and negative angles. Measuring angles in radians and in degrees and conversion from one
measure to another.Definition of trigonometric functions with the help of unit circle. Truth of the
identity sin2x+cos2x=1, for all x. Signs of trigonometric functions. Domain and range of trignometric
functions and their graphs. Expressing sin (x±y) and cos (x±y) in terms of sinx, siny, cosx & cosy and their simple applications. Deducing the identities like the following:
tanx ± tany cotxcoty 1
tan(x ± y) = , cot(x ± y) =
1 tanxtany coty ± cotx
1 1
sinα ± sinβ = 2sin (α ± β)cos (α β)
2 2
1 1
cosα + cosβ = 2cos (α + β)cos (α - β)
2 2
1 1
cosα - cosβ = -2sin (α + β)sin (α - β)
2 2
Identities related to sin 2x, cos2x, tan 2x, sin3x, cos3x and tan3x. General solution of trigonometric
equations of the type siny = sina, cosy = cosa and tany = tana.
Unit-II: Algebra
1. Principle of Mathematical Induction: (10) Periods
Process of the proof by induction, motivating the application of the method by looking at natural
numbers as the least inductive subset of real numbers. The principle of mathematical induction and
simple applications.
2. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations (15) Periods
Need for complex numbers, especially √−1, to be motivated by inability to solve some of the quardratic equations. Algebraic properties of complex numbers.Argand plane and polar representation of complex numbers. Statement of Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, solution of quadratic equations (with real coefficients) in the complex number system. Square root of a complex number.
3. Linear Inequalities (15) Periods
Linear inequalities. Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable and their representation on the number line.Graphical representation of linear inequalities in two variables.Graphical method of finding a solution of system of linear inequalities in two variables.
4. Permutations and Combinations (10) Periods
Fundamental principle of counting. Factorial n. (n!) Permutations and combinations, derivation of
formulae for 𝑛𝑃𝑟
and 𝑛𝐶𝑟
and their connections, simple applications.
5. Binomial Theorem (10) Periods
History, statement and proof of the binomial theorem for positive integral indices.Pascal's triangle,
General and middle term in binomial expansion, simple applications.
6. Sequence and Series (10) Periods
Sequence and Series. Arithmetic Progression (A. P.). Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) Geometric Progression
(G.P.), general term of a G.P., sum of first n terms of a G.P., infinite G.P. and its sum, geometric mean (G.M.), relation between A.M. and G.M. Formulae for the following special sums
2 3
1 1 1
,
n n n
k k k
k k and k
Unit-III:Coordinate Geometry
1. Straight Lines (10) Periods
Brief recall of two dimensional geometry from earlier classes. Shifting of origin. Slope of a line and angle between two lines. Various forms of equations of a line: parallel to axis, point-slope form, slopeintercept form, two-point form, intercept form and normal form. General equation of a line.Equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines.Distance of a point from a line.
2. Conic Sections (20) Periods
Sections of a cone: circle, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, a point, a straight line and a pair of intersecting lines as a degenerated case of a conic section. Standard equations and simple properties of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola.Standard equation of a circle.
3. Introduction to Three-dimensional Geometry (10) Periods
Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in three dimensions. Coordinates of a point. Distance between
two points and section formula.
Unit-IV: Calculus
1. Limits and Derivatives (30) Periods
Derivative introduced as rate of change both as that of distance function and geometrically.
Intutive idea of limit.Limits of polynomials and rational functions trigonometric, exponential and
logarithmic functions. Definition of derivative relate it to scope of tangent of the curve, Derivative of
sum, difference, product and quotient of functions. Derivatives of polynomial and trigonometric
functions.
Unit-V: Mathematical Reasoning
1. Mathematical Reasoning (10) Periods
Mathematically acceptable statements. Connecting words/ phrases - consolidating the understanding of "if and only if (necessary and sufficient) condition", "implies", "and/or", "implied by", "and", "or", "there exists" and their use through variety of examples related to real life and Mathematics. Validating the statements involving the connecting words, Difference between contradiction, converse and contrapositive.
Unit-VI: Statistics and Probability
1. Statistics (15) Periods
Measures of dispersion: Range, mean deviation, variance and standard deviation of ungrouped/grouped data. Analysis of frequency distributions with equal means but different variances.
2. Probability (15) Periods
Random experiments; outcomes, sample spaces (set representation). Events; occurrence of events, 'not', 'and' and 'or' events, exhaustive events, mutually exclusive events, Axiomatic (set theoretic) probability, connections with other theories studied in earlier classes. Probability of an event, probability of 'not', 'and' and 'or' events.
Thursday, May 7, 2015
Ch. 1. Sets - Concept Review
1,1 Set Explanation
Mathematicians encountered server difficulties in defining set. They realized that there is a need for some undefined (primitive) terms. Thus set and elements are undefined terms in mathematics.
Set is synonymous with the words, ‘collection’, aggregate’, ‘class’, and is comprised of elements.
The words ‘element’, ‘object’, and ‘member’ are synonymous.
Sets designated by specific letters.
N: natural numbers
Z : integers
Z+: positive integers
Q: rational numbers
Q+: positive rational numbers
R: real numbers
R+: positive real numbers
C: complex numbers
1.2 Description of a set
Sets can be described by roster method or set-builder method.
1.3 Types of sets
Empty set
Singleton set
Finite set
Infinite set
Equivalent set
Equal set
Subset
Universal set
Power set
1.4 Theorems on subsets
1. Every set is a subset of itself.
2. The empty set is a subset of every set.
3. The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n elements is 2ⁿ
1.5 Universal Set
A set that contains all sets in a given context (in simple terms in the given problem) is called the universal set.
1.6 Power Set
Given a set A, the collection of all subsets of A is called the power set of A and is denoted by P(A).
1.7 Venn Diagrams
In Venn diagrams the universal set U is represented by points within a rectangle and its subsets are represented by points in closed curves (usually circles) within the the rectangle. If two sets A and B have some common elements, they will be shown two intersecting circles. If the two sets are disjointed sets, then they are represented by two non-intersecting circles. If set B is a subset of A, then B is shown as a circle inside the circle representing set A.
1.8 Operations on Sets
Union of Sets
Intersection of Sets
Difference of Sets
Symmetric Difference of Two Sets
Disjoint Sets
Complement of a Set
1.9 Laws of algebra of sets
1. Idempotent laws
(i) A U A = A
(ii) A ∩ A = A
2. Identity laws
(i) A U ф = A
(ii) A ∩ U = A
3. commutative law
(i) A U B = B U A
(ii) A ∩ B = B ∩ A
4. Associative laws
(i) (A U B) U C = A U (B U C)
(ii) (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C)
5. Distributive laws
(i) A U (B ∩ C) = (A U B) ∩ (A U C)
(ii) A ∩ (B U C) = (A ∩ B) U (A ∩ C)
6. De-morgan’s laws
(i) (A U B)’ = A’ ∩ B’
(ii) (A ∩ B)’ = A’ U B’
1.10 Some more theorems
Theorem 1
If A and B are two sets
(i) A – B = A ∩ B’
(ii) B – A = B ∩ A’
(iii) A – B = A A ∩ B = ф
(iv) (A – B) U B = A U B
(v) (A-B) ∩ B = ф
(vi) A is a sub set of B B’ is a subset of A’
(vii) (A-B) U (B-A) = (A U B) – (A ∩ B)
Theorem 2
If A, B and C are three sets, then
(i) A – (B ∩ C) = (A-B) U (A-C)
(ii) A – (B U C) = (A-B) ∩ (A-C)
(iii) A ∩ (B-C) = (A ∩ B) - (A ∩ C)
(iv) A ∩ (B Δ C) = (A∩B) Δ (A∩C)
1.11 Number of Elements in Sets
Note union operation and universal set have the same symbol in these pages. Hence identify appropriately.
n(A) denotes the number of elements in the set A. Similarly n(B) and n(C).
If A,B and C are finite sets. U is the finite universal set, then
(i) n(A U B) = n(A) +n(B) – n(A∩B)
(ii) n(A U B) = n(A) +n(B) implies A, B are disjoint non-void sets.
(iii) n(A-B) = n(A) –n(A∩B)
(iv) n(A ΔB) = Number of elements which belong to exactly one of A or B
= n((A-B) U (B-A))
(v) n(A U B U C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A∩B) – n(B∩C) – n(A∩C)+n(A∩B∩C)
(vi) No. Of elements in exactly two of the sets A,B,C
= n(A∩B) + n(B∩C)+n(C∩A)-3n(A∩B∩C)
(vii) No. Of elements in exactly one of the sets A,B,C
= n(A) +n(B)+n(C)-2n(A∩B)-2n(B∩C)-2n(A∩C)+3n(A∩B∩C)
(viii) n(A’ U B’) = n((A∩B)’) = n(U) – n(A∩B)
(ix) n(A’∩B’) = n((AUB)’) = n(U)-n(A∩B)
Reference: Objective Mathematics by R.D. Sharma, Dhanpat Rai & Sons
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